This Day in History for 9th June

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All Events Birthdays
Weddings Deaths

Historical Events

Events 1 - 100 of 242

68 - Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide, imploring his secretary Epaphroditos to slit his throat to evade a Senate-imposed death by flogging.
641 - Arabic/Islamic army contrasts with the Hippo over Alexandria
721 - Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.
922 - French republic chooses Robert I, King of France
1075 - Battle at Homburg/Unstrut: German king Henry IV beats Saksen
1310 - Duccio's Maestà Altarpiece, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance, is unveiled and installed in the Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.
1456 - 23rd recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet
1525 - Tax revolt in Hertogenbosch
1529 - Zurich declares war on Catholic kantons
1531 - Pope Clemens VII & Francois I sign secret treaty against Karel V
1534 - Jacques Cartier 1st sails into mouth of St Lawrence River
1549 - Book of Common Prayer is adopted by the Church of England
1549 - England enforces Act of Supremacy
1572 - Willem van Oranges army occupies Gelderland
1628 - 1st deportation from what is now US, Thomas Morton from Mass
1650 - The Harvard Corporation, the more powerful of the two administrative boards of Harvard, is established. It is the first legal corporation in the Americas.
1720 - Sweden & Denmark signs 3rd Treaty of Stockholm
1732 - Royal charter for Georgia granted to James Oglethorpe
1742 - Battle of Bloody Marsh-Spanish assault on Simons Island, Georgia
1752 - French army surrenders to the English in Trichinopoly India
1772 - 1st Protestant church west of Penn (in Ohio) holds communion
1772 - 1st naval attack of Revolutionary War takes place in Providence, RI
1784 - John Carroll appointed supervisor of US Catholic Missions
1789 - Spanish capture British schooner Northwest America near Vancouver I
1790 - 1st book copyrighted under constitution, "Philadelphia Spelling Book"
1802 - US Academy at West Point founded
1815 - End of the Congress of Vienna: New European political situation is set.
1822 - Charles Graham patents false teeth
1851 - SF Committee of Vigilance forms (1st time)
1856 - 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.
1860 - 1st US "dime novel" published: "Malaseka, The Indian Wife of the White Hunter," by Mrs Ann Stevens
1862 - Battle of Port Republic, last of 5 battles in Jacksons Valley camp
1863 - Battle of Brandy Station, VA (Fleetwood, Beverly Ford)
1864 - Battle of Big Shanty, GA
1864 - Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, GA (Pine Mt, Pine Knob, Golgotha)
1865 - Battle of Grand Gulf, MS
1868 - 1st meeting of Board of Regents, University of California
1869 - Charles Elmer Hires sells his 1st root beer (Phila)
1870 - Washington: Pres Grant meets with Sioux chief Red Cloud
1873 - Alexandra Palace burnt down, after being open for only 16 days.
1877 - 11th Belmont: C Holloway aboard Cloverbrook wins in 2:46
1883 - 17th Belmont: Jim McLaughlin aboard George Kinney wins in 2:42.5
1883 - 1st commercial electric railway line begins operation (Chicago El)
1887 - 21st Belmont: Jim McLaughlin aboard Hanover wins in 2:43.5
1888 - 22nd Belmont: Jim McLaughlin aboard Sir Dixon wins in 2:40.25
1890 - Opera "Robin Hood" premieres in Chicago
1891 - Painter Gauguin arrives in Papeete, Tahiti
1892 - 26th Belmont: W Hayward aboard Patron wins in 2:12
1898 - China leases Hong Kong's new territories to Britain for 99 years
1899 - James J Jeffries KOs Bob Fitzsimmons in 11 for heavyweight boxing title
1901 - NY Giants get record 31 hits to beat Cin Reds 25-13
1902 - 1st Automat restaurant opens (818 Chestnut St, Phila)
1906 - Boston Beaneaters (NL) end 19-game losing streak beat Cards 6-3
1909 - Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, becomes the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, in fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York, to San Francisco, California.
1910 - Passenger on SS Arawatta throws bottle with note overboard (found June 6, 1983 in Queensland)
1914 - Honus Wagner, is 2nd to get 3,000 hits
1915 - William Jennings Bryan quits as Secretary of State
1919 - General steel strike in France
1919 - Red Army captures Ufa
1922 - First ringing of the Harkness Memorial Chime at Yale University.
1923 - 55th Belmont: Earl Sande aboard Zev wins in 2:19
1923 - Brinks unveils 1st armored security vans
1923 - Bulgarian premier Stamboeliski & King Boris III overthrown
1924 - "Jelly-Roll Blues," is recorded by blues great, Jelly Roll Morton
1928 - 60th Belmont: Clarence Kummer aboard Vito wins in 2:33.2
1928 - Charles Kingsford-Smith & Charles Ulm are 1st to fly across the Pacific when they end their flight from California to Brisbane
1929 - Venezuelan rebel Urbina lets Dutch/Curacaose hostages free
1930 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 6 mile (29:36.4)
Gangster Al Capone 1930 - Chicago Tribune reporter Jake Lingle is killed during rush hour at the Illinois Central train station by the Leo Vincent Brothers, allegedly over a $100,000 USD gambling debt owed to Al Capone.
1931 - 1st rocket-powered aircraft design patented (R Goddard)
1931 - 1st showing of a Donald Duck cartoon
1933 - Spanish president Zamora takes power
1933 - Walter Johnson takes over as Cleveland manager
1934 - 1st Donald Duck cartoon, Wise Little Hen, released
1934 - 38th US Golf Open: Olin Dutra shoots a 293 at Merion Cricket Club PA
1934 - 66th Belmont: Wayne D Wright aboard Peace Chance wins in 2:29.2
1934 - Donald Duck made his 1st screen appearance ("The Wise Little Hen")
1934 - Lawson Little beats Gene Sarazen by 3 strokes for US Open
1934 - Olin Dutra beats Gene Sarazen by 1 stroke for US Open
1935 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: the Republic of China, under KMT administration, recognizes Japanese occupations in Northeast China.
1936 - Page Miss Glory (1936), premieres in USA
1938 - Second Chamber agrees to return Jews to nazi-Germany
1940 - 44th US Golf Open: Lawson Little shoots a 287 at Canterbury GC OH
French President Charles de Gaulle 1940 - General Charles de Gaulle's 1st meeting with Winston Churchill
1940 - Norway surrenders to Germany during WW II
1941 - Ammunition plant at Fort Smederovo in Belgrade explodes; kills 1,500
1941 - Archbishop De Young bans priest cooperation on Rijks radio
1942 - Adipatie Ario Soejono becomes minister in Gerbrandy government
1942 - German-Neth press reports, 3 million Dutch sent to East-Europe
1942 - Nazis kill all inhabitants of Lidice Czechoslovakia
1943 - "Pay-as-you-go" (withholding) US income tax deductions authorized
1944 - Russian offensive in Carelia
1945 - "Gruesome Twosome," premieres in USA
1945 - -10] Australian troops lands in Brunei Bay North-Borneo
1945 - 71st Kentucky Derby: Eddie Arcaro aboard Hoop Jr wins in 2:07
1945 - Following an 8-7 win over the Phils, Brooklyn manager Leo Durocher is arrested on a complaint by a fan that Durocher slugged him
1946 - 19 guests at Canfield Hotel die in fire (Dubuque Iowa)
1946 - 66,545 fans help Yanks break million attendance mark, the earliest
1946 - Bhumibol Adulyadej, becomes king of Thailand
1946 - Joe Louis KOs Billy Conn in 8 for heavyweight boxing title

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Famous Birthdays

Birthdays 1 - 100 of 237

1508 - Primož Trubar, Slovenian Protestant reformer (d. 1586)
1510 - Nicolaas van Nieuwland, corrupt 1st bishop of Harlem
1573 - Henricus Hondius, Dutch etcher/publisher
1580 - Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (d. 1655)
1588 - Johann Andreas Herbst, composer
1595 - King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648)
1597 - Pieter J Saenredam, architecture painter
1640 - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658-1705)
1661 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (d. 1682)
1672 - Peter the Great [Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov], tsar of Russia (1682-1725)
1686 - Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (d. 1747)
1768 - Samuel Slater, American industrialist (d. 1835)
1781 - George Stephenson, Newcastle England, inventor (RR locomotive)
1791 - John Howard Payne, US, author/actor/diplomat (Home Sweet Home)
1792 - Frederic L G, Earl of Merode, Belgian revolutionary
1810 - Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai, composer
1812 - Hermann von Fehling, German chemist (Fehling's reagens)
1812 - Johann G Galle, German astronomer (discovered Neptune)
1828 - Carlo Marsili, composer
Russian Tsar Peter the Great (1672) 1829 - Gaetano Braga, composer
1833 - John Rogers Cooke, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1891
1836 - Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, 1st woman mayor in England (Aldeburgh)
1843 - Bertha von Suttner, Austria, novelist/pacifist (Nobel 1905)
1845 - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (d. 1914)
1849 - Joseph Vezina, composer
1849 - Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (d. 1927)
1851 - Charles Joseph Bonaparte, French politician (d. 1921)
1854 - Gerardus J P J Bolland, Dutch philosopher (Bolland Society)
1861 - Floris H Verster, [van Wulverhorst], painter/cartoonist/etcher
1865 - Carl Nielsen, Norre-Lyndelse Denmark, composer (Det Uuslukkelige)
1865 - Lucien-Denis-Gabriel-Alberic Magnard, French composer
1875 - Henry Dale, London, physiologist (Nobel-1936)
1877 - Rudolf Borchardt, writer
1879 - Dudley Digges, Irish actor
1879 - Oscar Back, Austrian-Dutch viola player
1882 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
1884 - Johannes Clinge Doorenbos, Dutch journalist/conductor
1886 - Kusaku Yamada, composer
1888 - Adrian Grigor'yevich Shaposhnikov, composer
1888 - Hugo Kauder, composer
1890 - Leslie Banks, English actor/director (Jamaica Inn, 48 Hours)
1891 - Cole Porter, Indiana, composer/lyricist (Anything Goes, Kiss Me Kate)
1893 - Samuel N Behrman, US screenwriter (Tale of 2 Cities, Daddy Long Legs)
1893 - Irish Meusel, American baseball player (d. 1963)
1896 - Aura Abranches, Lisbon Portugal, actress (Lisboa, O Primo Basilio)
1896 - Catherine Filene Shouse, philanthropist (Wolf Trap Institute)
1898 - Curzio Malaparte, [Kurt E Suckert], Italian author (Kaputt)
1898 - Luigi Fagioli, Italian race car driver (d. 1952)
1900 - Fred Waring, Tyrone Penn, musician/conductor/inventor (Waring Blender)
1900 - Prosper Cocquyt, Belgian brewer/pilot
1901 - George Price, cartoonist
1901 - Marion Gering, actress (Sarumba, Rumba, Ready for Love, 24 Hours)
1905 - Harry "Bull" Alexander, cricketer (Aus quick 1 Test Bodyline series)
1905 - Walter Kraft, composer
1906 - Tonio Selwart, Germany, actor (Barefoot Contessa, Naked Maja)
1908 - J F Williams-Wynne, Lord-Lieutenant (Gwynedd)
1908 - Robert Cummings, Joplin Mo, actor (Love that Bob, Dial M For Murder)
1909 - Jose Luis Lopez Aranguren, philosopher
1910 - Geoffrey Musson, British General
1910 - Vbilmos Demian, composer
1911 - George Webb, British actor (d. 1998)
1912 - Edgar Evans, tenor
1912 - Ingolf Dahl, Hamburg Germany, composer (Andante & Arioso)
1913 - Alida Margaretha Bosshardt, lt-colonel of Dutch Salvation Army
1913 - Patrick Steptoe, scientist (developed in vitro fertilization)
1914 - Barbara Mullen, Boston MA, actress (Thunder Rock, Innocent Sinners)
1914 - Hermann Haller, composer
1915 - Jane Cowan, cello teacher
1915 - Les Paul, Waukesha Wi, guitarist/inventor (Les Paul guitar)
1915 - Les Paul (Lester William Polsfuss) Waukesha Wisconsin, American musician and inventor
1916 - Robert S McNamara, US Sec of Defense (1961-68)/head (World Bank)
1917 - Eric J. Hobsbawm, Alexandria, Sultanate of Egypt, Marxist historian (The Age of Revolution; Capital; and Empire), (d. 2012)
1918 - Rob de Vries, Dutch WW II resistance fighter/dir/actor (Ciske de Rat)
1919 - Izaak Boleslavski, Russian chess player
1920 - Isobel June Braybrooke English, novellist
1921 - Agnes Keleti, Hungary, gymnist (Olympic-gold-1952, 56)
1921 - Arthur Hertzberg, American Jewish scholar (d. 2006)
1922 - George Axelrod, playwright (Breakfast at Tiffany, Bus Stop)
1922 - P G Beazley, MEP
1922 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American poet and aviator (d. 1941)
1922 - Fernand Seguin, Canadian biochemist - Radio and TV animator (d. 1988)
1924 - Christine Goitschel, France, slalom (Olympic-gold-1964)
1924 - Peter Heatly, CEO (Commonwealth Games Federation)
1924 - Tony Britton, Birmingham England, actor (Day of Jackal, Girl in my Soup)
1925 - Roy Hughes, MP
1925 - [John] Keith Laumer, [Anthony LeBaron], US, sf author (Retief's War)
1926 - Mona Freeman, Baltimore, actress (Black Beauty, Dear Wife, Heiress)
1926 - Roy Smalley, shortstop (Cubs, Braves, Phillies, Twins, Yankees)
1927 - Franco Donatoni, composer
1927 - Norman Sisisky, (Rep-D-VA, 1983- )
1928 - Geraint Gruffydd, director (U of Wales Centre for Welsh Studies)
1929 - Johnny Ace [John Marshall Alexander, Jr.], Memphis, Tennessee, rhythm and blues singer (My Song)
1929 - June O'Dell, deputy CEO (Equal Opportunities Commission)
1929 - Keith A St H Gardner, Jamaica, 4x400m runner (Olympic-bronze-1960)
1929 - Robert E Badham, (Rep-R-CA, 1977- )
1930 - Lin[wood] [Vrooman] Carter, US, sci-fi author (Thongor of Lemuria)
1930 - Marvin Kalb, NYC, educator/newscaster (CBS/NBC, Meet the Press)
1930 - Barbara, French singer (d. 1997)
1931 - Bill Virdon, 2nd baseman (St Louis Cards)/mgr (NY Yankees)
1931 - Jackie Mason, Wisc, comedian (World According to Me, Chicken Soup)

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Famous Weddings

Weddings 1 - 12 of 12

1936 - Novelist and journalist George Orwell (33) weds Eileen Maud O'Shaugnessy (30) at St. Mary's Church
1991 - Bruce Springsteen weds his backup singer Patty Scialfa
1993 - Japanese crown prince Naruhito weds Masaka Owada
2001 - "Law & Order" actress and model Angie Harmon (28) weds New York Giant NFL player Jason Sehorn (30) at Highland Park Presbyterian Church in Dallas, Texas
2002 - "In Your Eyes" singer Peter Gabriel (51) weds Meah Flynn at Li Capanni Hotel in Italy
2005 - "Good Morning, Miami" actor Mark Feuerstein (34) weds TV writer/producer Dana Klein at The Four Seasons-Biltmore Hotel in Santa Barbara, California
2005 - "Saved By The Bell" actress Tiffani Thiessen (31) weds actor Brady Smith in Montecito, California
2006 - Actor Oliver Hudson (29) weds actress Erinn Bartlett (33) at One & Only Palmilla in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
2007 - "Ugly Betty" actress Ana Ortiz (36) weds musician Noah Lebenzon at the Horned Dorset Primavera Hotel in Rincon, Puerto Rico
2008 - "Tommy Tutone" band lead singer Tommy Heath weds longtime girlfriend Lisa Scholtz in Lake Tahoe, California
2009 - Boxing legend Mike Tyson (43) weds Lakiha Spicer (32) at La Bella Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada
2012 - Actor Matthew McConaughey (42) weds model Camilla Alves (30) in Austin, Texas

Famous Divorces

Divorces 1 - 2 of 2

1977 - George & Patti Harrison divorce
2009 - Elizabeth Watson (39) divorces Major League Baseball outfielder Barry Bonds (44) due to irreconcilable differences after 11 years of marriage

Famous Deaths

Deaths 1 - 100 of 106

62 - Claudia Octavia, wife of Nero (b. 40)
68 - Claudius Nero, Roman emperor (54-68), commits suicide at 31
373 - Ephrem the Syrian, Christian hymnodist
597 - St. Columba, Christian missionary (b. 521)
630 - King Shahrbaraz of Persia
1171 - Jacob Ben Meir, [Rabbenu Tam], French Tosofist, dies
1361 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer/poet, dies at 69
1382 - Philip of Lead, lawyer of Utrecht, dies
1563 - William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
1572 - Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarra, dies at 44
1583 - Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1597 - Jose de Anchieta, Spanish jesuit/missionary, dies
1656 - Thomas Tomkins, composer, dies
1681 - William Lilly, English astrologer, dies
1716 - Banda Bahadur, Sikh military commander (executed)
1717 - Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Mothe-Guyon, French mystic, dies at 69
1717 - Louis Le Quointe, composer, dies at 64
1820 - Wilhelmina FS, princess of Prussia/Orange, dies at 68
1825 - M Pauline Bonaparte, Corsican duchess of Parma/Guastalla, dies at 44
1832 - Manuel Garcia, composer, dies at 57
1834 - William Carey, one of the founders of the Baptist Missionary Society (b. 1761)
1839 - Gerrit J Pijman, Dutch minister of War (1798-1800), dies at 89
1847 - Pierre-Simon Ballanche, French philosopher/poet (Orphée), dies
1863 - Benjamin Franklin "Grimes" Davis, Union major, dies in battle at 30
1868 - James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (1841-68), dies
Novelist Charles Dickens (1870) 1870 - Charles Dickens, English writer (David Copperfield), dies at 58
1870 - Erik Drake, composer, dies at 82
1875 - Gérard Paul Deshayes, French geologist (b. 1795)
1892 - Friedrich Wilhelm Langhans, composer, dies at 59
1892 - Taiso Yoshitoshi, Woodblock print artist
1892 - William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (b. 1863)
1897 - Alvin Graham Clark, dies 3 weeks after 1st use of Yerkes 40" lens
1901 - Walter Besant, novelist/philanthropist, dies
1907 - Manuel Estrada Vabrera, president Guatemala, murdered
1908 - Jose FdT Coelho, Portuguese writer (Os meus amores), dies at 46
1911 - Carry Amelia Moore Nation, American temperance leader, dies
1912 - Ion Luca Caragiale, Romanian writer (b. 1852)
1922 - Albert Baertsoen, Flemish painter/etcher, dies at 56
1929 - Lewis Bennison, dies
1931 - Henrique Oswald, composer, dies at 79
1932 - Natalia Janotha, composer, dies at 76
1939 - Owen Moore, actor (She Done Him Wrong), commits suicide at 52
1944 - 99 inhabitants of Tulle, hanged by SS
1946 - Rama VIII, king of Siam (1935-46), dies at 21
1947 - Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz, president of Poland (1939-40), dies at 62
1952 - Adolf Busch, German composer (b. 1891)
1953 - Ugo Betti, dramatist, dies
1957 - Robert Oboussier, composer, dies at 56
1958 - Robert Donat, actor (Citadel, Goodbye Mr Chips, 39 Steps), dies at 53
1960 - René Maran, Martiniques writer (Batouala, Prix Goncourt), dies
1961 - Camille Guérin, French scientist (b. 1872)
1962 - Henry Kendall, actor (Shadow, Romance & Riches), dies at 65
1964 - Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook/newspaper owner (Leatherhead), dies
1964 - W Maxwell Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook, Engl Min of Info, dies at 85
1967 - Stefan Boleslaw Poradowski, composer, dies at 64
1968 - Bernard Cronin, Australian author and journalist (b. 1884)
1971 - Harold Lloyd Jr, actor (Frankenstein's Daughter), dies at 40
1973 - Erich von Manstein, German military commander (b. 1887)
Writer/Nobel Laureate Miguel Asturias (1974) 1974 - Miguel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, dies at 74
1974 - Phillip Tead, actor (Lightnin', Fighting Blade), dies at 80
1975 - David Frederick Barlow, composer, dies at 48
1976 - James A Farley, US Postmaster General (1932-38), dies at 88
1976 - Paul T B Rodenko, Dutch poet/writer (Never Marry a Witch), dies at 55
1976 - Sybil Thorndike, actress (Melba, Major Barbara), dies at 93
1977 - Bill Merritt, cricketer (6 Tests of leg-spin for NZ, 12 wkts), dies
1977 - Hans Andreus, [Johan W van de Zant], Dutch poet, dies at 51
1979 - Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1884)
1980 - Leonard Huizinga, journalist/writer (Olivier & Adrian), dies at 73
1981 - Allen Ludden, game show host (Password), dies at 63
1981 - Russell Hayden, actor (Hidden Gold, Apache Chief, Justice), dies
1982 - Guillaume Jorissen, Flemish politician, dies at 60
1982 - Hank Ladd, TV host (Arrow Show, Waiting for the Break), dies at 74
1987 - Grandon Rhodes, actor (Gentleman From Nowhere), dies
1987 - Madge Kennedy, actress (Marrying Kind, 3 Bad Sisters), dies
1989 - Piet[er J] Lieftinck, Dutch minister of Finance (1945-52), dies
1989 - W Schnurre, writer, dies at 68
1989 - Rashid Behbudov, Azerbaijani singer and actor (b. 1915)
1991 - Bob Irwin, Comedian, dies of Alzheimer's related illness at 88
1991 - Charles Loloma, painter/sculptor, dies
1991 - Claudio Arrau, Chilian/US pianist/composer, dies at 88
1991 - Max van Praag, Dutch singer, dies at 77
1992 - Cathy Bennett, jury selection expert, dies of breast cancer at 41
1992 - Clarence Miller, blues/jazz vocalist, dies at 69 of a heart attack
1993 - Alexis Smith, dancer/actress (Follies), dies of cancer at 72
1993 - Arthur Alexander, singer/songwriter (You Better Move On), dies at 53
1993 - Ian Mikardo, British politician, dies
1994 - Angela Lakeberg, siamese twin, dies at 11 months
1994 - Dhirendra Bhramachari, [Flying Swami], hindu leader, dies at 70
1994 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist (Plan of Labor, Nobel 1969), dies at 91
1994 - Lloyd Lindroth, the Liberace of the Harp, dies at 63
1995 - Charles Rowe, cricket (scored 0 in only Test for NZ v Aust 1946), dies
1995 - Frank Chacksfield, conductor/arranger, dies at 81
1995 - Walter Landor, designer, dies at 81
1996 - Edward Morris Bernstein, economist, dies at 91
1996 - Robert Kidd, marine geoscientist, dies at 48
1996 - Walter Pardon, carpenter/traditional singer, dies at 81
1997 - Reid Shelton, actor (Daddy Warbucks-Annie), dies of stroke at 71
1997 - Stanley Knowles, Canadian politician (b. 1908)
2000 - Jacob Lawrence, American painter (b. 1917)
2004 - Rosey Brown, American football player (b. 1932)